Liberalism1 Essay Example For Students

Liberalism1 Essay . In view of the Latin word liber, which means free, progressivism is a political perspective contradicted to any framework that undermines the opportunity of the individual and keeps him from understanding his full human potential. Progressivism has thrived in Western culture since the eighteenth century, however its history might be partitioned into two uniquely unmistakable periods the old style and the cutting edge. Traditional radicalism had its foundations in the revolt of the developing white collar classes against government control of the economy. In the late Middle Ages and the early current time frame, governments assumed a conclusive job in extending and controlling trade and industry. This training, usually called mercantilism, was felt by numerous individuals to restrain instead of upgrade monetary development. The restriction to mercantilism discovered its most noteworthy articulation in rationalist and financial specialist Adam Smiths The Wealth of Nations. This book advanced the perfect of a free-advertise economy that would work without government obstruction. Definitions of liberal hypothesis subsequently had as their premise Thomas Jeffersons idea that the legislature is best that administers least. The objective of nonconformists was to discover approaches to control unreasonable government power and to restrict government to its basic roles of accommodating the basic resistance , saving local peacefulness, and ensuring the privileges of private property and the commitments of agreement. During the late eighteenth and the nineteenth hundreds of years, nonconformists succeeded, through different methods, in constraining the forces of government. (The partition of forces, as depicted in the United States Constitution, is an away from of the activity of old style progressivism.) What nonconformists didn't predict was that while governments got unequipped for controlling economies, they were in this manner additionally incapable to keep extraordinary financial force from amassing in the possession of a couple of individuals who could be as tyrannical in their own particular manner as any tyrant government. The circumstance before long turned into a miserable inversion: in the past, governments had practiced command over the economy, however by the late nineteenth century financial force was starting to practice power over governments. Gradually, in the late nineteenth century and the early many years of the twentieth, the liberal speculations that had been figured by Adam Smith and other social scholars, for example, John Locke, Jeremy Bentham, and John Stuart Mill, started to respect the view that legislature should utilize its capacity to mediate in the economy for the general government assistance everything being equal. The objectives of current radicalism have in this way moved drastically from those of old style progressivism. They might be summarized in the thought that the forces of government are to be utilized to accomplish a redistribution of political and financial force in the public arena. In the United States, such liberal objectives were first illuminated in the Progressive party stage, and a significant number of them were fused into the New Deal projects of President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the 1930s. These projects included an assortment of social and work enactment intended to profit almost all portions of the populace. Such projects have become a piece of most Western nations and Japan; and since World War II a significant number of the countries rising up out of expansionism have imitated them. Past systems of the previous Soviet Union and a few Eastern European countries embraced an expansive scope of social government assistance programs for the sake of communism. List of sources:

Martial Arts Argumentative Essay Example For Students

Hand to hand fighting Argumentative Essay Teakwood battling style its not the same as karate, teakwood utilize 80% leg and 20% hands however karate sees 50-50 and on the off chance that you ask Whats more grounded karate or teakwood? Well answer you with whats more grounded leg or hands? In this paper I well discussion around three primary thoughts: the regard among teakwood and karate, the test that you well face in each sort of hand to hand fighting, the concession been teakwood dress and belts and karate. Taken. Gesture and karate turned out to be significantly more well known dislike in the past individuals didnt know teakwood us we know it today they just know karate. Taken. Gesture is Korean combative techniques that were developed in the twentieth century. S a punching and kicking hand to hand fighting with substantially more spotlight on the kicks and teakwood currently is an Olympic game. Karate is an Okinawa military workmanship from Japan (reference). There are numerous sorts of Karate, and every one of them has t heir disparities. Be that as it may, they are for the most part punching and kicking expressions. Some are progressively protective while others accentuate offense. In Teakwood there is many sort of kicks around twenty kinds of kicks and each kick has its own style and its own impact on human body however in karate they center around the punching as opposed to kicking since they accept that hand can slaughter a man substantially more quicker than leg yet we as a whole know that is kicking is considerably more grounded then punching and is more grounded and in teakwood buffo dont have deftly you can do any kind of teakwood kicks yet in karate you can in light of the fact that they dont have high kicks that much. There is a great deal of difficulties on both side yet the hardest test is in teakwood since teakwood requires adaptability in the foot since adaptability enable you to hit high kicks and a ton of teakwood kicks is high. Karate challenges it isn't so much that hard in light of the fact that in karate there are not very high kicks; just an ewe karate kicks are high and its remainder is low and base kicks. The test you will look in karate is the center, you have to figure out how to center before you do any karate moves in light of the fact that the center thing great assistance you to sanctify so as to overlook any punches from your adversary in any battle, anyway all of hand to hand fighting specialists realize that teakwood challenges is greater and harder and increasingly troublesome then karate. In any case, as of not long ago individuals that they dont have any foundation about any hand to hand fighting they will say that karate its better then teakwood cause karate is significantly more well known and everyone knows dislike teakwood, on the off chance that you get some information about teakwood they will say what is teakwood? They wouldnt know until you reveal to them its like karate and me us a teakwood master I dont realize how to inform the individuals concerning teakwood until show them any moves then they will begin saying Oh its like karate this other sort of challenge in teakwood individuals dont take you serials, Belts in any combative techniques its like a definition about what you turned out to be presently and in which level you are in and how much far you will go later on. There is six fundamental belts in teakwood begins with white belts and tail it yellow, green, blue, red and its end with dark. Karate belts Starts with White belt and follows yellow, orange, green, blue, purple, earthy colored, and us normally finishes with dark belt in each kind Of combative techniques has 10 level and theres something many refer to as a Dan in dark belt its mean a level and in each level youll face new and significantly more troublesome difficulties. Theres is just 5 individuals in earth that arrive at 9 Dan and just one arrive at 10 Dan and he passed on the day that he got revamped the 10 Dan dark belt. .ubf38e4361b29843f46ef6fb8b054021e , .ubf38e4361b29843f46ef6fb8b054021e .postImageUrl , .ubf38e4361b29843f46ef6fb8b054021e .focused content region { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .ubf38e4361b29843f46ef6fb8b054021e , .ubf38e4361b29843f46ef6fb8b054021e:hover , .ubf38e4361b29843f46ef6fb8b054021e:visited , .ubf38e4361b29843f46ef6fb8b054021e:active { border:0!important; } .ubf38e4361b29843f46ef6fb8b054021e .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ubf38e4361b29843f46ef6fb8b054021e { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ubf38e4361b29843f46ef6fb8b054021e:active , .ubf38e4361b29843f46ef6fb8b054021e:hover { mistiness: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ubf38e4361b29843f46ef6fb8b054021e .focused content region { width: 100%; position: re lative; } .ubf38e4361b29843f46ef6fb8b054021e .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content beautification: underline; } .ubf38e4361b29843f46ef6fb8b054021e .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ubf38e4361b29843f46ef6fb8b054021e .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content improvement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubf38e4361b29843f46ef6fb8b054021e:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ubf38e4361b29843f46ef6fb8b054021e .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ubf38e4361b29843f46ef6fb8b054021e-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ubf38e4361b29843f46ef6fb8b054021e:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Civil rights development 3 EssayAny type f combative techniques on the planet this days you can know them from their dress however when you see teakwood garments and karate garments there is no huge contrast between them just a single thing that makes you realize that they are diverse that in teakwood shirt there is a dark shading on the highest point of the shirt until the base of it that dark thing doesnt exist in karate. Taking everything into account any kind of combative techniques its called white weapon hear in Oman in the event that you utilized it youll get in a tough situation so be cautious. Also, teakw ood and karate are not a similar haul that crazy. Alpha

Innovative Business Models Using Predictive Analytics

Innovative Business Models Using Predictive Analytics The Digital Era has brought the world of industry many challenges and opportunities. The irrational exuberance of Nineties technologists and tech investors led to Internet businesses that were unwieldy, unmanageable, and unprofitable.In the early 2000s after the dotcom bubble burst, many spectators wondered whether the marriage of Internet and business was merely a fad, while many speculators, wondered whether the markets would or could regain confidence in digital businesses.However, in the decade and a half since the Tech bubble, the world has since seen the creation, growth, and maturation of digital industries, as well as innovative new digital approaches to traditional brick and mortar industries.Few could have predicted the rise of the online-only business or the virtual company, or that the most successful Internet firms could be quite so successful with market caps upwards of $400 billion. The Web 2.0. Era has even seen the creation of profitable offline businesses housed in online video games!One major driver of competitive advantage is predictive analytics â€" the collection of statistical and computing techniques that allow firms to use historic and dynamic data, aggregated digitally, to create probabilistic models of the likelihood of future events. Predictive analytics has a range of applications, though it is used most commonly to optimize decision-making and to determine consumer preferences. This powerful field has become a cornerstone of the business strategies of many a household name. Indeed, it has even led to the creation of many innovative â€" and profitable, new business models. © Shutterstock.com | ImageFlowHere, we will 1) briefly cover traditional business models; and then address 2) how brick-and-mortar firms are enhancing their businesses with predictive analytics; as well as illustrate 3) examples of new business models that incorporate predictive analytics.TRADITIONAL BUSINESS MODELSFundamentally, there are several basic business models: owners/landlords, manufacturers, distributors, and sellers. Within these broad categories are a number of more specific models â€" for example, sellers include wholesalers, brokers, traders, retailers, and multi-level marketers. There is also a variety of conventional pricing, supply chain, marketing, and other business strategies, which are often confused with business models and help differentiate firms from each other. Predictive analytics has upended many of these traditional models and strategies of doing business in myriad ways.In short, predictive analytics allows firms to create models of consumer behavior th at are correlated positively with historical data, and use these models to forecast future results. Because, in our Digital Era, data comes in in real-time and because we have developed highly sophisticated and robust hardware and software systems for processing this “Big Data,” firms can feed data into these models in real-time and adjust their business decisions automatically.For example, firms can use predictive analytics to drive dynamic pricing, a strategy that predates predictive analytics, but has been enhanced by it significantly since. A hypothetical hotel might determine pricing during a holiday season by building a model involving prior year data, prior month data, and even prior hour data, by automatically feeding all purchase transaction information into a model designed to optimize revenue and changing pricing based on real-time performance. To the consumer, this might look like a pricing schedule that varies as vacancy rates rise or fall. Predictive analytics has greatly enhanced the performance of many brick and mortar establishments.ENHANCING BRICK AND MORTAR BUSINESSES WITH PREDICTIVE ANALYTICSAs digital enterprise began to flourish in the early 2000s, many brick and mortar retailers lost market share and went out of business. Those that did not, largely, developed successful online strategies to strengthen their existing competitive advantage, or create one. Some used digital technologies and predictive analytics to enhance their marketing; others used it to enhance their supply-chain management, among other strategies.Innovations in marketingPredictive analytics has allowed marketers to increase their estimations of consumer likelihood to purchase. This has allowed firms a to optimize their marketing mix, allowing them a greater ability to target consumers. It has been a boon to traditional retailers such as Macy’s. In 2014, the retailer partners with SAP, a leading provider of software and services, to improve its existing predictive analytics software. The new solution allows it to build multiple predictive models that aid it in targeted email marketing and digital marketing campaigns. In its first three months using the solution, Macys saw, on average, a ten percent increase in sales.Other retailers use the data they receive to build a personalized shopping experience for the consumer online, and/or optimize the overall shopping experience in a retail location. By parsing consumer data and paring it with predictive analytics models, firms can create targeted online messages, unique promotional opportunities, and other incentives to drive them to a brick and mortar retail location.Beyond driving traffic, predictive analytics’ real promise for marketers involves increasing customer lifetime value. Cost-per acquisition can be exceedingly costly, especially for non-essential items and/or in crowded markets. Personalized experiences can deepen customer engagement and brand loyalty, increasing the value of their lifetime purchases and decreasing your retention cost. When you determine the return on investment for particular customer segments, you can more effectively determine the optimal ones to target.Analysis of sales data and sales analytics can also yield significant, positive implications for supply chain management.Supply chain managementSupply chain management is another strategic business area that has been transformed by predictive analytics. Prior to the Digital Era, sourcing decisions were made based on annual evaluations of sales data, personal relationships with suppliers, regional distribution chains, and past practices. Now, predictive analytics provides brick and mortar chains the insights to be able to shift sourcing based on real-time data, determine whether new suppliers of a particular product or skew will increase or decrease revenue, and determine ideal wholesale and retail pricing.One such firm is brick-and-mortar retailer Walmart, whose online storefront is a viable competitor to other market leading online retailers. Walmart, whose suppliers are located in more than 70 different countries, and whose stores stock an average of over 175,000 products, is immensely profitable because it aggregates data on every aspect of its retail operation and analyzes them to forecast demand and consumer purchase behavior. Each day, Walmart feeds the reams of data it receives from in-store and online sales-tracking and inventory management systems and feeds that information back into its supply and distribution systems. By coupling this with sales forecasting data from local demand forecasting models, Walmart stores can minimize all product shortages significantly.Predictive analytics is also used to optimize sourcing and shelving decisions. Through simulation and analysis of historical data, Walmart is able to use predictive analytics to determine the product mix that will allow it to achieve the highest sales revenue at the lowest wholesale cost in the least amount of time. Part of this equation is determining where products should be located in the store to stimulate the most sales growth. All store variables are tracked vigorously and assessed in real-time to ensure the firm’s success. EXAMPLES OF NEW BUSINESS MODELS USING PREDICTIVE ANALYTICSWhether a firm is choosing what products to manufacture or distribute, a retailer is figuring out what to source, or a franchise is seeking the ideal owner-operators, predictive analytics can yield tremendous results for every business type. However, for some firms, predictive analytics has created such a significant competitive advantage that it has yielded entirely new ways of doing business.Online-only distributors and retailersDuring the early days of the Digital Era, the thought of an online-only distributors and retailers was hard to grasp. True, the reduced operating expenses could serve as a source of competitive advantage, but established brick and mortar businesses had the benefits o f human capital, strong brand recognition, advertising dollars, facilities, and relationships.However, as time has passed, digital technologies have emphasized data  â€" bringing it on par with, if not making it more important than, relationships as the basis for B2B sales and strategic partnerships in many industries. It has allowed us to have a distributed workforce, eliminating the need for central facilities. It has allowed us to build brand recognition in new ways, some for a fraction of traditional advertising costs (indeed, it has eroded them). Finally, it has allowed the online only distributor or retailer a significant source of competitive advantage in the form of Big Data and predictive analytics.Take human capital â€" particularly in sales. Firms can use predictive analytics to predict consumer preferences through recommendation systems. They can then immediately upsell. A human salesperson requires training and a professional demeanor at all times to upsell, whereas a few lines of code are all that is needed for a consumer to receive a personalized suggestion. Netflix is a strong example of an online-only firm that use recommendation engines to drive sales. Netflix’s competitive advantage placed significant pressure on its early rival Blockbuster, which pre-2010, was a household name and market leader in video sales. But with 60,000 employees at its peak, compared to Netflix’s 2,000, as well as an inability to efficiently forecast demand and supply of its products, Blockbuster lost significant share to Netflix and eventually filed for bankruptcy. And while the recommendation engine reduces labor costs, it also drives sales (or in Netflix’s case brand loyalty, as they charge a flat fee) automatically and in real-time.Human labor reductions are not the only use of predictive analytics. Indeed, many firms have used predictive analytics to forecast talent shortages, predict the likelihood of employee retention, and forecast an employment candid ate’s probable performance with their firm. Google is well-known for using what is known as people analytics â€" the application of predictive analytics to human resources to forecast an employee’s future career trajectory inside the firm. It also uses people analytics to design workspaces and collaborative opportunities that optimize employee innovation. And Google has long been known as a firm whose talent has been a source of significant competitive advantage.Online Auction-Based BusinessesPredictive analytics also can be used to drive auction-based businesses. For firms where price optimization is critical, like eBay, which derives revenue from fees placed on user auctions, predictive analytics can be used to determine the price. For firms that auction their inventory, and whose fees vary based on the total transaction amount, predictive analytics can help forecast demand and scarcity, and allow these firms to set initial bids efficiently.Firms can use predictive analytics c oupled with software purchasing applications to purchase goods or services automatically when those goods or services hit certain price targets or other thresholds. This is seen in high-frequency trading, where speculators bid on certain equity or debt instruments meeting certain conditions. Some programs use models and inputs developed entirely by humans. Others have paired predictive analytics with machine learning â€" the process by which computers process increasingly complex information by constructing learning algorithms. This paring allows programs to make decisions without human input concerning bid behavior based not just on the results of the model (that may include thousands of variables), but their own past purchase behavior.eBay takes predictive analytics a step further than its online auctions. Given its scope (an e-commerce portfolio with approximately $300 billion in transactions), eBay uses predictive analytics to optimize decision-making. Their SAP-designed  syste m is used to predict problems through daily forecasting, and run simulations on the effect of decisions on the entire portfolio. Other firms, particularly those in financial and legal services use predictive analytics to forecast potential issues as such issues can be extremely costly for their clients and themselves.Online /Mobile Advertising and Ad ExchangesDigital marketing, which accounts not just for business strategy, but also comprises a healthy industry of digital marketing agencies, is driven by data and analysis. The fields of search engine optimization, for example, involves leveraging a firm’s digital and non-digital assets to drive traffic to a landing page. To do so, a firm must build models of what has worked to inform its strategies going forward. Since digital data can be obtained in real-time, and most web analytics programs now have considerable analytic and testing tools, digital marketers can quickly test and implement some strategies based on their models. So me firms implement programmatic buying â€" buying using the results of predictive analytic models and machine learning, to make and serve ads and marketing content to users.The field of search marketing is also dependent on predictive analytics as it requires firms to forecast the search terms consumers will use to find their firms as well as firms in their industries, as well as related industries. Using web analytics programs allows digital marketers to determine the ideal keywords and key phrases on which to bid. Predictive analytics models can be used by firms to aid in the accuracy of the bidding process.Search itself is driven by predictive analytics. Though the algorithms are proprietary, firms like Google and Microsoft create lists of relevant website links based on user inputs that are not just limited to what one types into the search bar. These firms spend hundreds of millions of dollars working to refine these lists, “predicting” that they will be exactly what you ar e looking for. And by transforming the way firms do business, innovative search engine firms, such as Google, Baidu, and Yahoo have revolutionized industry.Digital advertising is driven by predictive analytics. Many online and mobile search ad-serving platforms create models of target customers using a client firms data. They then serve ads to online users who fit that profile, using cookies to track their movements. A user could visit a partisan political website and a food website, for example, and see the exact same ad on each. This is known as retargeting and is used by many firms, such as apparel retailer Levis. A properly implemented retargeting campaign can increase click-through rates and conversions.

Socio-Autobiography Story - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 784 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/03/11 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Autobiography Essay Did you like this example? The older and more non-childish phase of my life, the more aware I am of the person I have become and how the choices made myself and my family have formed. My family traditions, childhood and standards have influenced my life, cultural views and values allowing me to frame a life, principles, and a family similar in some characteristics to my family, who raised me, while other aspects are amazingly different. With my life and professional goals very different from that of my parents lives and their expectations these influences by class, culture, and ethical teachings are instrumental in shaping my views, perceptions and how they played a part in my current family life. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Socio-Autobiography Story" essay for you Create order Back in my childhood, I feel as if I was living life while being contained within a cage. I was born in Roswell which is 30 minutes north of Atlanta, GA. I had three older siblings and three younger siblings who captured the majority of my mothers time and a work alcoholic father, caught up in a capitalistic engineering job playing the hunter/gatherer roll, my dad was never around and never attending any of my games, concerts, etc. As seen in the structural-functional theory as it relates to gender, my mother imitated to societies patriarchy views because during the seventies sexism dictated a womans place within society. We all attended public school and went without my father to the Baptist church while being forced-fed the same ideals and traditions that where instilled and passed down through my grandparents on both sides of my family. I grew up in what we now consider as a middle-class society and had a very narrow view of the world or the discrimination others endured. My famil y educational values were dictated through threats for nonconformity in my family to include occasional physical punishment that would be considered deviant behavior in todays world. Getting older through my teen years and trying to escape the shadows of my three older and three younger siblings, I forged the wrong path academically, while looking for acceptance from people my own age which usually resulted with hanging with the wrong people. I luckily developed good work ethic and habits because my father insisted we all work while school was out during the summer, so we would stay out of trouble and learn about how the economy worked. Upon barley completing high school. I met my now wife right after high school and soon after we met we moved into together and got pregnant with our first child. It was at that point we decided to get married and travel a little bit before we had the baby. During our new travels, events, meetings, throughout the world really opened my eyes to the gender, spiritual, and cultural discrimination people come across. These views and encounters I experienced further fixed in me that if I wanted more out of life for myself, or for that matter my family later in life, I would have to get into a blue-collar job, so I wont have as many delays, trials, and troubles. I wanted to make sure I achieved success from commitment, blood, sweat, and tears. My wife of thirteen years who chose the gender roles of her own mother and of my mother in working from the home, raising our children. The was the best choice for our family because we felt that someone else raising our children wasnt the best option for them. Even with all the feministic controversy my wife chose the more liberal approach. While raising our three girls and two boys, me coaching or attending all sporting activities, karate tournaments, boy scout trips and meetings. I have not become my father. I was able to play the hunter/gather role in providing for my family, while playing a very important role in shaping our children to be able to handle what challenges and opportunities the world has to offer them. After twelve years I decided to go back to school to get my bachelors in business administration. Since being in school, this new journey and opportunity to further my career it has allowed me to expand my educational knowledge. It opened my eyes to the many captivating cultures and diversified ways in which people live, view and cherish their culture and social norms. I have a new respect for individuals and their challenges when dealing with race, and color issues, these life experiences and perceptions have dictated and even altered their general and cultural beliefs creating a world very different from what I have perceived. The saying that with age comes wisdom, is very important along with my family and life experiences in creating the individual I am today.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), had beginnings based in both scientific pursuit and the military. Lets start from the first days and see how the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) started. After the Second World War, the Defense Department launched serious research push into the fields of rocketry and upper atmosphere sciences to ensure American leadership in technology. As part of this push, President Dwight D. Eisenhower approved a plan to orbit a scientific satellite as part of the International Geophysical Year (IGY) for the period from July 1 1957 to December 31 1958, a cooperative effort to collect scientific data about the Earth. Quickly, the Soviet Union jumped in, announcing plans to orbit its own satellites. The Naval Research Laboratorys Vanguard project was selected on September 9 1955 to support the IGY effort, but while it enjoyed exceptional publicity throughout the second half of 1955, and all of 1956, the technological requirements in the program were too big and funding levels too small to ensure success. The launch of Sputnik 1 on October 4, 1957 pushed the U.S. satellite program in crisis mode. Playing technological catch-up, the United States launched its first Earth satellite on January 31, 1958, when Explorer 1 documented the existence of radiation zones encircling the Earth. Next page NASA History - The Formation of NASA Page 1, 2, 3 One law for the investigation of the problems of flight within and outside the Earths atmosphere, and for other purposes. With this simple preamble, Congress and the President of the United States created the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) on October 1, 1958, a direct result of the Sputnik crisis. The fledgling National Aeronautics and Space Administration body absorbed the former National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics intact: its 8000 employees, an annual budget of $ 100 million, three major research labs - Langley Aeronautical Laboratory, Ames Aeronautical Laboratory, and Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory - and two small test facilities. Soon after, NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) joined other organizations, including the space science group from the Naval Research Laboratory in Maryland, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory managed by the California Institute of Technology for the Army, and Army Ballistic Missile Agency in Huntsville, Alab ama, the laboratory where Wernher von Brauns team of engineers were engaged in the development of large rockets. As it grew, the NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), established in other centers, and today has ten located around the country. Early in its history, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was already seeking to put a human in space. Once again, the Soviet Union the U.S. beat to the punch when Yuri Gagarin became the first man in space on April 12, 1961. However, the gap was closing as on May 5, 1961, Alan B. Shepard Jr. became the first American to fly into space, when he rode his Mercury capsule on a 15-minute suborbital mission. Project Mercury was the first high-profile program of NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), which had as its goal placing humans in space. The following year, on February 20, John H. Glenn Jr. became the first U.S. astronaut to orbit the Earth. Following in the footsteps of Project Mercury, Gemini continued NASAs human spaceflight program to and expanded its capabilities with spacecraft built for two astronauts. Geminis 10 flights also provided NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) scientists and engineers with more data on weightlessness,perfected reentry and splashdown procedures, and demonstrated rendezvous and docking in space. One of the highlights of the program took place during the Gemini 4 on June 3, 1965, when Edward H. White, Jr. became the first U.S. astronaut to perform a spacewalk. Next page NASA History - NASA Crowning Achievement Page 1, 2, 3 The crowning achievement of NASAs early years was Project Apollo. When President John F. Kennedy announced I believe this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to Earth, NASA was committed to putting a man on the moon. The Apollo moon project was a massive effort that required significant expenditures, costing $25.4 billion, 11 years, and 3 lives to accomplish. On July 20, 1969, Neil A. Armstrong made his now famous remarks, Thats one small step for (a) man, one giant leap for mankind as he stepped onto the lunar surface during the Apollo 11 mission. After taking soil samples, photographs, and doing other tasks on the moon, Armstrong and Aldrin rendezvoused with their colleague Michael Collins in lunar orbit for a safe journey back to Earth. There were five more successful lunar landing of Apollo missions, but only a failed one rivaled the first for excitement. All totaled, 12 astronauts walked on the Moon during the Apollo years.

Constructivist Theory as the Framework for Student Strategies Free Essays

string(46) " as cited in Brush A ; Saye, 2000 \) \." This chapter provides a reappraisal of the literature used to inform the little research undertaking described in this study. To roll up literature for my thesis, I accessed the web sites for Zunia, ERIC, UNICEF, MoEYS, UNESCO, and the e-journal aggregation at James Cook University. There were troubles in deriving entree to some beginnings because many were password protected. We will write a custom essay sample on Constructivist Theory as the Framework for Student Strategies or any similar topic only for you Order Now Besides a challenge was turn uping articles written for the Kampuchean context, which has limited the range of the literature reappraisal for the local Cambodian context. Furthermore, many of the articles I searched were secondary informations beginnings, so it was sometimes hard to mention or cite because some secondary beginnings did non supply elaborate information. At times it was a description of a survey written by person other than the individual who conducted it. I besides had problem in finding which articles were related straight to my subject to be included ( Gay, Mills, A ; Airasian, 2009 ) . Besides utilizing assorted databases, I besides read books about the student-centered theory and old surveies conducted by UNICEF ( United Nation Children ‘s Fund ) every bit good the Cambodian-based undertaking rating written by VVOB. The cardinal words used to turn up literature were: student-centered, learner-centered, constructivism, societal constructivism, the zone of proximal development, scaffolding, student-centered instruction, and student-centered schoolroom. The mention subdivisions of relevant articles were besides used for placing other surveies that would be relevant to this reappraisal. The chapter has been structured following several subjects that emerged as literature was reviewed. It will depict the relevant literature focused on the issues environing the research aim. This chapter has been classified into several sub subdivisions based on the subjects that emerged during reading. 2. 1 Constructivist Theory as the Framework for Student-Centered Schemes Within the past two decennaries, the construct of â€Å" constructivism † A has been pulling attending from pedagogues ( Airasian A ; Walsh, 1997 ) . Since constructivist theory is an epistemology and doctrine and non a theory of acquisition, constructivist teaching method has been developed by pedagogues influenced by the thoughts of cognition building found within constructivist theory ( Yilmaz, 2008 ) . â€Å" Constructivist teaching method is informed by the thoughts of John Dewey and William James ; the latter work of Jean Piaget ; and the sociohistorical work of Lew Vygotsky, Jerome Bruner, and Ernst von Glasersfeld † ( p. 165 ) . Harmonizing to Dewey, the relationship of the person to his or her environment and the edifice of experience through action are really of import. This importance has besides been recognized by constructivism, particularly societal constructivism ( Brush A ; Saye, 2000 ) . Piaget ‘s work dealt with the phases of development which people go through and the importance of find in acquisition ( Alexander, 2006 ) . Vygotsky ‘s work focused on societal interaction as an agent of acquisition every bit good as the importance of a pupil ‘s bing experience and cognition ( Alexander, 2006 ; Yilmaz, 2008 ) . Among constructivism ‘s three foundational bookmans, Dewey, Piaget, and Vygotsky, Vygotsky ‘s work has had a clear influence on the construct of societal constructivism and played an of import function in modern constructivist idea because two of his four key rules are ; collaborative acquisition and student-centeredness ( Yilmaz, 2008 ) . His first cardinal con struct focuses on the societal nature of larning hence the term ‘social constructivism ‘ and the 2nd is that kids learn best the constructs that are within their zone of proximal development ( ZPD ) . The ZPD is a construct used to depict how a kid ‘s acquisition and kid ‘s cognitive development degrees develop together in societal state of affairss ( Vygotsky, 1978 ) . The ZPD is considered among the most utile both theoretically and practically ; of all the constructs that are created by Vygotsky ( Chenyne A ; Tarulli, 1999 ) . The construct of ZPD, which focuses on the relation between human larning and development, is the 2nd foundation for scaffolding schoolroom direction ( Stuyf, 2002 ) . The ZPD is defined as â€Å" the distance between the existent developmental degree as determined by independent job resolution and the degree of possible development as determined through job work outing under grownup counsel or in coaction with more capable equals † ( Vygotsky, 1978, p. 86 ) . Alexander ( 2006 ) , Shear ( 2007 ) , and Stuyf ( 2002 ) depict the ZPD as the country between what a scholar can carry through mentally and make independently by themselves, and what the scholar can carry through with the aid or the support of a more knowing other grownup or equal. The peer portions knowledge with the scholar to construct the spread between what is known and what is non known ( Shear, 2007 ) . The construct of ZPD is now widely applied in instruction and larning in many subject-matter countries ( Willis, 1996 ) . The thought of the ZPD informs teacher staging of larning to make effectual learning environments. It means effectual larning takes topographic point within the kid ‘s ZPD. Vygotsky stated that: A Learning awakens a assortment of internal developmental procedures that are able to run merely when the kid is interacting with people in his environment and in cooperation with his equals. When these procedures are internalized, they become portion of the kid ‘s independent developmental accomplishment. ( Vygotsky, 1978, p. 90 ) . Similarly, Wilhelm, Baker A ; Dube ( 2001 ) argued that the ZPD is the cognitive country in which effectual direction and acquisition can go on. Teacher, equals, and instructional environment are the aid and support which pupils can larn with and this lies within the ZPD. â€Å" A kid ‘s new capacities can merely be developed in the ZPD through coaction in existent, concrete, located activities with an grownup or more capable equal † ( Wilhelm, Baker A ; Dube, 2001, p. 3 ) For constructivist oriented instructors, the importance of planing an instructional activity is to place a job and supply pupils with resources to assist to work out the jobs thereby supplying chances for pupils to see jobs from a assortment of positions, leting pupils to join forces and negociate solutions to jobs and prove those solutions in a existent universe context ( Bednar et al, Duffy A ; Jonassen, Brown, Collins A ; Duguid as cited in Brush A ; Saye, 2000 ) . You read "Constructivist Theory as the Framework for Student Strategies" in category "Essay examples" Similarly harmonizing to UNESCO ( as cited in Mtika A ; Gates, 2010 ) , student-centered instruction helps to fix pupils to run into society ‘s outlooks, to plan educational experiences to progress pupils ‘ acquisition, and supply chances for pupils to show their success in accomplishing social outlooks. 2. 2 What is Constructivism? Constructivism is non a theory about instruction, but it is a theory about cognition and acquisition ( Haney A ; McArthur, 2001 ) . Harmonizing to Airasian A ; Walsh ( 1997 ) , constructivism is non an instructional attack ; it is a theory about how scholars come to cognize or how people learn. Brady ( 2006 ) A ; Staver ( 1997 ) stated that constructivism comes from traditional epistemology, which offers a philosophical account about the nature of cognition. Constructivists believe that cognition is created from the interaction between bing experiences or cognition of people and new thoughts or state of affairss they encounter. In the constructivist schoolroom, scholars are encouraged to do connexions between their bing cognition and new experience ; this is the procedure of building cognition ( Airasian A ; Walsh, 1997 ) . Furthermore, over the last decennary, constructivism has significantly influenced scientific discipline pedagogues because it links pupils ‘ bing thoughts to new experience and new information ( Haney A ; McArthur, 2001 ; Staver, 1997 ; Yilmaz, 2008 ) . Similarly, Driver, Asoko, Leach, Mortimer, and Scott ( as cited in Hand et al. , 1997 ) stated that societal constructivist attacks in scientific discipline instruction are non new. The execution of constructivist larning theory has helped to develop the interaction between pupils and instructor and supply chances to build scientific discipline cognition in the schoolroom. Similarly, Mtika and Gates ( 2010 ) argued that this pedagogical theory helps to promote pupils ‘ interaction with the topic ‘s contents and with on e another while the instructor facilitates the acquisition procedure. Constructivism has been divided by some theoreticians into three classs ( Alexander, 2006 ; Yilmaz, 2008 ) . They are Cognitive constructivism, Extremist constructivism, and Social constructivism. These three classs emphasize that cognition and significance are constructed by the human head ( Yilmaz, 2008 ) , nevertheless there are differentiations between them ( Hirumi, 2002 ) . Cognitive constructivism focuses on person ‘s interactions with the environment. Extremist constructivism emphasizes the person ‘s cognition building which is based on old cognition and experiences, and societal constructivism dressed ores on persons within groups and their sociocultural contexts ( Alexander, 2006 ; Yilmaz, 2008 ) . Though constructivism has been categorized into three, harmonizing to Staver ( 1997 ) , the two most comprehensive and celebrated classs of constructivism are extremist and societal constructivism. The two trade names have much in common. First, cognition is created by the thought of a individual and a community. Second, societal interactions between and among scholars are cardinal to constructing cognition. Knowledge is built by persons within their communities, societies, and civilizations. Furthermore, the agencies of societal interaction is chiefly linguistic communication because linguistic communication is a manner that worlds communicate and understand each other. Third, the character of knowledge is functional and adaptative, that it is in an active procedure ( Staver, 1997 ; Yilmaz, 2008 ) . Finally, the intent of knowledge is to function the persons ‘ organisation of his or her experiential universe. However, the two trade names are chiefly different. Extremist constr uctivism focuses on knowledge and the person, whereas societal constructivism focuses on linguistic communication and the group. 2. 3 Constructivism in the Classroom Airasian A ; Walsh ( 1997 ) argued that constructivism is accepted in many instruction systems because it helps to advance higher order believing accomplishments of pupils. Similarly, harmonizing to the survey of Hand et al. , ( 1997 ) , engagement of pupils ‘ thoughts or thought is the most of import factor that influences pupils ‘ acquisition. In the survey of a group of junior secondary college pupils in Australia, pupils reported that they enjoyed larning through little group work, category treatment, developing their ain thoughts, less note pickings, and they developed a greater apprehension of constructs. These are all larning schemes that reflect the usage of societal constructivism in the formal acquisition context. Among the classs of constructivism, societal constructivism attacks are utile for pupils because pupils can be required to work in a group or separately and make non necessitate to wait for a instructor to direct their acquisition. â€Å" The vision of the constructivist pupil is one of activity, engagement, creativeness, and the edifice of personal cognition and apprehension † ( Airasian A ; Walsh, 1997, p. 446 ) . Whether societal constructivists emphasize cognitive development or societal interactions, there are several specific things that instructors can make to assist scholars to build their apprehension, structural staging is one of these things ( Killen, 2003 ) . Literally, scaffolding is a structural support that is set up around a edifice under building. In instruction in a metaphorical sense, stagings are the support structures that are provided by others such as parents, equals, and instructors to pupils to enable them to finish a undertaking and experience accomplishment in their acquisition ( Yang A ; Wilson, 2006 ) . Harmonizing to Hammond A ; Gibbons ( as cited in Yang A ; Wilson, 2006 ) , effectual staging is both high challenge and high support. â€Å" Vygotsky stressed that pupils need to prosecute in disputing undertakings that they can successfully finish with appropriate aid † ( Wilhelm, Baker, A ; Dube, 2001, p. 4 ) . Scaffolding is a procedure whereby a instructor or peer gives assistance or support to the pupils in their ZPD as it is necessary and removes this assistance when unneeded ( Killen, 2003 ) . â€Å" Scaffolding must get down from what is close to the pupils ‘ experience and construct to what is farther from their experience † ( Wilhelm, Baker, A ; Dube, 2001, p. 4 ) . Similarly, at the beginning of a new acquisition undertaking, the staging should be fix to be concrete, seeable, and external, so learning can get down from the concrete to the abstract. The construct of staging is closely related to the ZPD because staging was developed by other socio-cultural theoreticians using Vygotsky ‘s construct of ZPD to educational contexts ( Yang A ; Wilson, 2006 ) . In other words, the thought of scaffolding originally came from Vygotsky ‘s socio-cultural theory ( Stuyf, 2002 ) . Mitchell and Myles ( as cited in Yang A ; Wilson, 2006 ) stated that societal constructivism focuses on larning that occurs in socio-cultural environments and scholars become active builders of their ain acquisition environment. Vygotsky ‘s socio-cultural theory proposes that societal interaction plays a cardinal function in the development of knowledge. Learners are non hence stray persons ; they are active scholars because of societal interactions ( Stuyf, 2002 ; Yang A ; Wilson, 2006 ) . How to cite Constructivist Theory as the Framework for Student Strategies, Essay examples

Inequality and Criminal Justice

Question: Discuss about theInequality and Criminal Justice. Answer: Introduction Inequality is common a term, which is known to everyone, and is used frequently in the daily life. Every other person, irrespective on the country or locality they are in, has faced one or other form of inequality. Criminal justice system is not untouched by this menace of inequality. It has been often covered in various media sources that the criminal justice system, of a number of countries, also has to face this problem of inequality. In the following parts, the intersection between the inequality, as well as, the criminal justice, has been elucidated. In Canada, the matter of race and crime is amongst the most controversial issues. It has been often argued that the intersection of race, along with the lower class position is the reason behind the apparent disadvantage which is faced by a number of minority groups, especially in their dealings with the justice system, which contains the law enforcement, the courts, as well as, the corrections. The Toronto Star, in October 2002, started the publication of a whole series which contained articles on the theme of race and crime (Kwok 2008). The arrest data analysed by the Toronto Star, which was collected from the Toronto Police Service, clearly showed that the number of black people was way higher and they were highly over represented, especially in some specific offending categories which included serious violence, possession of drugs, and trafficking of drugs. This analysis revealed by the Toronto Star showed that the overrepresentation patter of the black people in the arrest data was consistent with the ideology that the law enforcement of Toronto was engaged in the racial profiling of the suspects. Further, the Toronto Star maintained that the people belonging to the minority groups were treated in a harsher manner, as compared to their white counterparts, after the arrest had been made (Kwok 2008). The Toronto Police vehemently denied all of the allegations made by the Toronto Star, regarding the racial bias. The Police Chief, the President of the Police Association, and even the Mayor denied that the Toronto Police was engaged in racial profiling (Kwok 2008). Though, the police failed to produce any concrete data which would support their statement. Inequality occurs in cases of racial profiling as the people of such groups faced a disparity in custom searches in border-crossings and at airports, stop-and-search practices, rise in patrolling of police in the neighbourhoods of minority and even sting operations which are targeted towards the specific ethnic or minority groups (Wortley and Tanner 2015). Not just in Canada, such incidents are prominent in the other countries also. For instance, the Police and Criminal Evidence Act in England make it necessary for the police to keep a record in writing about the racial background of such who have been subjected to the stop and search by the police (Wortley and Tanner 2015). And the statistics from 1997-1998 also revealed that a higher number of black people were stopped and searched as compared to Asians or Whites (Wortley and Tanner 2015). The same bias is present in the United States (Rosich 2007). This inequality is not confined to the race and ethnicity, it preludes gender too. The data provided by the Sentencing Commission of the US examined the interaction of the effects of race and gender over the sentencing outcome in the federal court, for the male, as well as, female lawbreakers (Doerner 2015). The findings based on this data clearly indicated that in comparison to the male offenders of the same category, the female offenders, throughout the ethnic, as well as, racial categories, received the sentences with less severe outcomes, even when the contextual, legal, as well as, extralegal factors were controlled. Even this study highlighted that the Black males received longer sentences and that the Hispanic makes were more prone to be incarcerated, in comparison to the White male offenders. Though, contrary to the expected results, the White females, as per the findings of the above data, were more prone to be incarcerated, in comparison to the Hispanic, as well as, Black females, plus they received a lot longer sentence in comparison to the latter group (Doerner 2015). The key quality for a criminal justice system to succeed is its fairness. If any unfairness is administered in the justice, the legitimacy of the system would be lost in the eyes of the general public, and the respect for the laws would be dispensed. A number of researches have determined that there is discrimination and inequality amongst the gender, and race of the people (Grossman and Roberts 2011). The above parts were able to highlight this inequality in the justice system of not only Canada, but countries like UK and US. And from this analysis, it can be concluded that there is indeed an intersection between the inequality and the criminal justice system. References Doerner K. Jill. 2015. The Joint Effects of Gender and Race/Ethnicity on Sentencing Outcomes in Federal Courts. Women Criminal Justice 25(5): 313-338. Grossman G. Michelle, and Roberts V. Julian. 2011. Criminal Justice in Canada: A Reader. Toronto: Nelson Education. Kwok Siu-ming. 2008. Daily Struggles: The Deepening Racialization and Feminization of Poverty in Canada. Toronto: Canadian Scholars Press Inc. Rosich, Katherine J. 2007. Race, Ethnicity, and the Criminal Justice System. Washington, DC: American Sociological Association. Retrieved November 09, 2016 (https://www.asanet.org/sites/default/files/savvy/images/press/docs/pdf/ASARaceCrime.pdf) Wortley Scot, and Tanner Julian. 2015. Discrimination or Good Policing? The Racial Profiling Debate in Canada. Our Diverse Cities. Retrieved November 09, 2016 (https://www.metropolis.net/pdfs/WortleyTanner_e.pdf)